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Investigating the nutritional effects of propolis extract on improving growth and immune system function in farmed aquatic animals: A review
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Ali Reza Radkhah   , Soheil Eagderi * |
| Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. |
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Abstract: (175 Views) |
| The aquaculture industry, as a major supplier of animal protein, faces serious challenges, including disease outbreaks and reliance on chemical antibiotics, which lead to antimicrobial resistance and environmental pollution. In this context, the search for natural and safe alternatives is an undeniable necessity. Propolis, a multifunctional natural compound produced by honeybees, has significant potential for use in aquaculture due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulating properties. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of existing scientific evidence on the effects of propolis on growth indicators, health, and disease resistance in aquatic species under environmental stressors. A literature review indicates that the optimal use of propolis in diets can significantly improve growth performance (e.g., weight gain, feed conversion ratio), gut health, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities in species such as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brown trout (Salmo trutta), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). More importantly, propolis enhances disease resistance in aquatic animals by strengthening innate and acquired immune responses (e.g., increased lysozyme activity and immunoglobulins) and by possessing broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against important bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens. Furthermore, this substance has a remarkable ability to mitigate the negative effects of environmental stressors, such as thermal stress or exposure to pollutants like Bisphenol A (BPA), through its potent antioxidant properties. Based on scientific evidence, propolis can be used as a natural, safe, and effective additive in aquatic health management and nutrition strategies. Its inclusion in diets presents a practical approach to reducing dependence on synthetic antibiotics, increasing productivity, and enhancing the environmental sustainability of the aquaculture industry. However, the variability in the chemical composition of propolis across geographical and botanical origins underscores the need to determine optimal dosages for different species and to conduct further research into its molecular mechanisms of action. Given the high potential for honey and propolis production in Iran, developing applied research and promoting the use of this natural substance could be a significant step toward sustainable aquaculture and a resilient economy. |
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| Keywords: Propolis extract, Immunostimulants, Growth performance, antimicrobial activity, Sustainable aquaculture |
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Full-Text [PDF 943 kb]
(41 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Applicable |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2025/12/23 | Accepted: 2026/03/30 | Published: 2026/05/30
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